This says that A is congruent to B modulo C . It is similar to the expressions we used here, but not quite the same. In the next article we will explain what it means and how it is related to the …

Let's explore the addition property of modular arithmetic: (A + B) mod C = (A mod C + B mod C) mod C Example: Let A=14, B=17, C=5

Most modern cryptography relies on modular arithmetic. Two notable example are RSA and Diffie Hellman. Older ciphers like the Caesar cipher, Vigenere cipher, and Affine ciphers use it too.

We will discuss the meaning of congruence modulo by performing a thought experiment with the regular modulo operator. Let's imagine we were calculating mod 5 for all of the integers: …

What is a modular inverse? In modular arithmetic we do not have a division operation. However, we do have modular inverses.

Use fast modular exponentiation as described in the next lesson. Right after that lesson there is a calculator for modular exponents, so you can check your calculations.

Modular arithmetic This is a system of arithmetic for integers. These lessons provide a foundation for the mathematics presented in the Modern Cryptography tutorial.

Modular addition and subtraction Modular addition Modulo Challenge (Addition and Subtraction) Modular multiplication Modular multiplication Modular exponentiation Fast modular …

Practice using the modulo operatorWelcome to Khan Academy! So we can give you the right tools, let us know if you're a...

This brings us to modular arithmetic, also known as clock arithmetic. For example, to find 46 mod 12, we could take a rope of length 46 units and rap it around a clock of 12 units, which is …